Cov pas nrig tooj liab yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam cable, thiab muaj ob lub ntsiab kev tsim khoom- kev nruam casting thiab dov txoj kev thiab cov txheej txheem sab nraud txuas ntxiv. Muaj ntau txoj kev tsim tawm rau kev nruam casting thiab dov ntawm cov pa oxygen tsawg lub pas nrig. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog tias tom qab cov hlau yaj tag nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub ua kom sov, cov kua tooj liab kis tau los ntawm kev tuav lub cub tawg, chute, thiab tundish, thiab nkag mus rau lub qhov pwm ua kom raug kaw los ntawm cov yeeb nkab nchuav. Lub tshuab ua kom txias tau txias yog tsim kom muaj lub ntsej muag cam, thiab tom qab ntawd dov rau hauv ntau kis. Lub qes-oxygen tooj liab qws tsim yog cov qauv ua haujlwm kub. Tus qauv cam thawj qub tau tawg, thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen yog feem ntau ntawm 200 txog 400 ppm. Oxygen-free tooj liab pas nrig yog qhov pib txhua qhov tsim tawm hauv Suav teb los ntawm kev muab tus txheej txheem nruam nruam. Tom qab cov hlau yaj tas li nyob rau hauv qhov cub ua kom sov, cov pwm graphite yog siv rau kev nruam sab nraud, thiab tom qab ntawd txias-dov lossis txias-ua haujlwm. Lub pas dej muaj pa oxygen tsis pub tsim yog cov qauv nrum nrog cov pa oxygen Cov nyiaj feem ntau qis dua 20ppm. Vim tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom sib txawv, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv ntau qhov chaw xws li kev teeb tsa kev ua haujlwm, cov pa oxygen cov ntsiab lus faib, daim ntawv tsis huv thiab kev faib tawm.
1. Kos duab kev ua tau zoo
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm tooj liab pas nrig muaj feem xyuam rau ntau yam, xws li cov ntsiab lus tsis huv, oxygen cov ntsiab lus thiab kev faib tawm, thiab cov txheej txheem tswj. Kev teeb tsa ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus pas nrig tooj liab tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov lus saum toj saud.
1. Qhov feem xyuam ntawm txoj kev melting rau impurities xws li S
Kev tsim cov tooj liab los ntawm kev txuas nruam thiab dov yog feem ntau los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj kom yaj lub pas nrig tooj liab. Thaum lub sijhawm sib xyaw cov txheej txheem, dhau los ntawm oxidation thiab volatilization, qee qhov impurities tuaj yeem raug txo kom txog qee yam rau hauv cov kua tooj liab. Yog li no, txoj kev nruam casting thiab dov txoj hau kev muaj qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Txo. Sab hauv tas mus li tsim muaj cov pa oxygen tooj liab. Vim tias lawv tau yaj los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob cua sov," thiab" tooj liab taum" nyob rau saum npoo ntawm electrolytic tooj liab yog yeej melted rau hauv tooj liab kua. Lub molten S muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo ntawm cov yas ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tsis muaj tooj liab, uas yuav ua rau kom cov hlau xov tawg ntau ntxiv.
2. Kev nkag los ntawm kev ua kom tsis huv thaum lub sijhawm ua txheej txheem casting
Hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, kev nruam cov txheej txheem tas mus li thiab dov mus los yuav tsum hloov cov kua tooj liab los ntawm kev tuav lub cub tawg, lub chute, thiab cov tundish, uas yog qhov yooj yim uas ua rau cov khoom refractory tev tawm. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm dov, nws yuav tsum hla dhau cov ntawv yob, uas yuav ua rau cov hlau poob, uas yuav ua rau cov pas nrig tooj liab. Ua rau suav nrog rau sab nraud. Hauv kev sib tw kub, lub dov ntawm cov oxides rau thiab hauv qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev kos duab ntawm cov pas nrig hypoxic. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov upward nruam casting txoj kev yog luv. Cov kua tooj liab tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov dej ntws hauv qhov sib txuas ua ke, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam me me ntawm cov khoom siv refractory. Lub crystallization yog nqa tawm hauv qhov graphite pwm, yog li tej zaum yuav muaj cov pa paug tsawg dua thiab qhov tsis huv hauv cov txheej txheem. Muaj qee qhov tsawg nkag mus.
O, S, thiab P yog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib txuas nrog tooj liab. Hauv molten tooj, oxygen tuaj yeem yaj ib feem ntawm nws, tab sis thaum tooj liab yog pa, oxygen tsis tshua yaj hauv tooj liab. Cov pa oxygen nyob hauv lub xeev molten yog precipitated raws li eutectic ntawm tooj liab=cuprous oxide thiab faib rau ntawm thaj tsam lis nplej. Cov tsos ntawm tooj liab-cuprous oxide eutectic txo qhov plasticity ntawm tooj liab.
Sulphuris yuav yaj tau hauv lub tooj liab hauv cov yaj, tab sis nws cov solubility yuav luag txo rau xoom ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv ntawm cuprous sulfide ntawm thaj tsam ntawm grain, uas yuav txo tau qhov plasticity ntawm tooj liab.
3. Daim ntawv faib thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm oxygen nyob rau hauv cov qws tooj liab tsawg thiab cov pa oxygen tooj liab
Cov pa oxygen cov ntsiab lus muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm kev rub tawm ntawm cov pa oxygen tooj me me. Thaum cov pa oxygen nce mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi, cov xaim hluav taws xob tawg ntawm tus pas nrig tooj yog qhov qis tshaj. Qhov no yog vim hais tias oxygen ua tus ntsuas pa hauv txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog feem ntau tsis huv. Cov pa oxygen uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo kuj muaj txiaj ntsig kom tshem tawm hydrogen hauv cov kua tooj liab, tsim kom muaj dej ntau dhau mus, thiab txo qhov tsim ntawm pores. Cov ntsiab lus oxygen zoo tshaj plaws muab cov kev mob zoo tshaj plaws rau cov txheej txheem xaim hlau.
Tsawg-oxygen tooj liab pas nrig oxide faib: nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm solidification nyob rau hauv tas mus li casting, kub dissipation tus nqi thiab txias txias yog yam tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab tooj liab pas nrig faib ua ke. Kev ua kom txias tsis zoo yuav ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm sab hauv tus qauv ntawm tus pas nrig tooj, tab sis cov tom qab ua cov cua sov feem ntau yuav ua rau cov khoom siv ua kom puas, ua rau cov dej qab zib oxide hais kom zoo thiab faib kom ncaj. Cov xwm txheej feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tov ntawm oxide hais yog nruab nrab tawg. Ntxiv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm oxide particle faib, cov pas nrig tooj liab nrog cov hlau oxide me me qhia tau zoo dua cov xaim hlau, thiab cov loj dua Cu2O hais feem ntau yuav ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab cov ntsiab lus thiab tawg.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis pub dhau tooj liab tshaj li tus qauv, tus pas nrig liab ua brittle, elongation tus nqi txo, qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm cov qauv sib tw pom tsaus liab, thiab cov qauv siv lead ua yog xoob. Thaum cov pa oxygen ntau dua 8ppm, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm zuj zus, uas pom los ntawm tus nqi siab kawg ntawm cov pas nrig cuam tshuam thiab xaim tawg thaum lub sijhawm cuam thiab ncab. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov pa oxygen tuaj yeem ua rau qib tawg ntawm cuprous oxide nrog tooj liab, ua rau tooj liab-cuprous oxide eutectic, uas tau faib rau ntawm thaj chaw hauv cov qauv network. Qhov theem brittle muaj lub siab tawv thiab yuav raug cais tawm ntawm lub cev tooj liab thaum lub caij txias ntawm lub cev txias, uas ua rau muaj qhov txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm lub pas nrig tooj liab, thiab nws zoo li yuav ua rau tawg ntawm cov txheej txheem tom qab. Cov pa oxygen ntsiab lus tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kev coj ua ntawm cov pa oxygen tooj liab ua kom poob qis. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo yuav tsum tswj hwm nruj.
4. Qhov ua los ntawm hydrogen
Hauv kev thawb tas mus li, kev tswj cov pa oxygen muaj tsawg, thiab kev cuam tshuam los ntawm oxides tsawg dua, tab sis tus cawv ntawm hydrogen ua cov teeb meem tseem ceeb dua. Muaj ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis sib luag hauv cov yaj tom qab kev nqus pa: H2O (g) = [O] +2 [H];
Roj thiab cov porosity yog tsim los ntawm nag lossis daus thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm hydrogen los ntawm cov kua supersaturated thaum cov txheej txheem crystallization. Cov tshuaj hydrogen uantej ua ntej crystallization tuaj yeem txo lub khob rau oxide los tsim cov dej ua npuas. Raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm upward casting yog qhov crystallization ntawm kua tooj liab los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, tus qauv ntawm cov kua tsim tau zoo ib yam li lub khob hliav qab. Cov pa roj ua kom pom ua ntej cov kua tooj liab crystallizes txhaws nyob rau hauv cov qauv txheej txheem thaum lub sij hawm txheej txheem ntab, thiab qhov hws tsim nyob rau hauv cov nqaj hlau thaum tawg crystallization. Thaum cov roj qaum cov ntsiab lus me me, qhov npliag hydrogen muaj nyob ntawm thaj tsam lis thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua kom muaj qhov pom kev zoo; thaum cov roj cov pa roj yog loj, nws aggregates rau hauv pores. Yog li ntawd, qhov pores thiab sparseness yog tsim los ntawm ob qho tib si hydrogen thiab dej vapor.
Hydrogen los ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem hauv cov txheej txheem ntau dhau los, xws li" patina" ntawm cov khoom siv ua hluav taws xob tooj liab, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob **, cov huab cua ib puag ncig **, thiab cov kua roj graphite tsis khov kom qhuav. Yog li ntawd, cov nplaim tooj liab ntawm cov kua tooj liab hauv cov nplauv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau them nrog cov hluav ncaig hluav taws xob, thiab cov tooj liab electrolytic yuav tsum sim tshem tawm" patina" ;," tooj liab taum" thiab" pob ntseg", uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov pa oxygen tooj liab qws.
Hauv kev nruam cov txheej txheem thawb thiab dov txheej txheem, tswj kev tswj hwm ntawm oxygen cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog siv los tswj hydrogen. Cu2O + H2=2Cu + H2O
Txij li cov tooj liab ua kua los ntawm hauv qab mus rau sab saum toj thaum lub sij hawm ua txheej txheem casting, cov dej vapor tsim los ntawm cov pa thiab hydrogen hauv cov kua tooj liab tau yooj yim ntab thiab khiav dim, thiab feem ntau ntawm hydrogen hauv tooj liab tuaj yeem tshem tawm tau zoo, yog li cuam tshuam tus pas nrig Me
2.Qhov zoo
Hauv kev tsim cov hlau nplaum hlau thiab lwm yam khoom, qhov saum npoo zoo ntawm tooj liab tooj liab kuj tseem yuav tsum tau ua. Qhov saum npoo ntawm tooj liab tooj liab yuav tsum tau kos tawm tsis muaj burrs, tsis tshua muaj tooj liab ua haujlwm thiab tsis muaj roj stains. Thiab dhau los ntawm kev sim torsion kom ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov nplaim tooj liab hmoov thiab soj ntsuam qhov rov qab los ntawm cov pas nrig tooj liab tom qab sib ntswg los txiav txim siab nws qhov zoo.
Hauv kev nruam cov txheej txheem thiab dov txheej txheem, los ntawm casting mus rau dov, qhov kub thiab txias siab rau cov huab cua, yog li txheej tuab oxide tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov cam khwb cia slab. Thaum lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem dov, raws li cov yob tig, oxide particles Yob mus rau saum npoo ntawm tooj liab hlau. Vim hais tias cuprous oxide yog lub siab-tawg zoo nkauj ua kom sib luag, rau qhov sib sib zog nqus khob uas tsis muaj kab, thaum cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog ncab los ntawm pwm, burrs yuav tsim tawm rau sab nraud ntawm tus pas nrig tooj liab, uas yuav ua teeb meem rau tom qab daim duab.
Cov pa oxygen tsis pub tooj liab ua cov khoom lag luam tsim los ntawm upward nruam cov txheej txheem ua kom cais tawm ntawm cov pa oxygen tag nrho vim yog ua rau cov peev txheej thiab cua txias, thiab tsis muaj cov txheej txheem kub txuas tom ntej. Qhov saum npoo ntawm tooj liab pas nrig tsis muaj oxides dov rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab qhov zoo dua yog qhov zoo dua, thiab tsis muaj tooj liab tsawg tom qab kos duab, cov teeb meem hais los saum toj no tsis tshua muaj.
Oxygen tsis pub tso cov tooj liab liab tseem muab faib ua cov cuab yeej txawv teb thiab cov cuab yeej hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom lag luam tuaj txawv teb chaws tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb zoo. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab tsis loj heev. Ntev npaum li cov phaj tooj liab tau xaiv tau zoo, kev tswj hwm ntau lawm kuj ruaj khov, thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev kuj tseem siv tau. Cov zis tuaj yeem ncab 0.05 tus pas nrig tooj liab. Cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws feem ntau yog cov khoom siv Finnish Outokumpu, cov khoom siv hauv tsev zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum yog Shanghai Naval Depot, lub sijhawm khoom ntev tshaj plaws, kev lag luam tub rog, txhim khu kev qha zoo.
Muaj ob lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom lag luam qis-oxygen tooj liab nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Ib qho yog cov khoom siv South Line hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, cov lus Askiv yog SOUTHWIRE, tus tsim cov khoom lag luam hauv tsev yog Nanjing Huaxin, Jiangxi Copper, lwm tus yog German cov khoom siv CONTIROD, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom hauv lub tebchaws yog Changzhou Jinyuan, Tianjin Zoo seamless.
Anaerobic thiab hypoxic pas nrig yog qhov yooj yim kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm oxygen. Oxygen tsis pub tooj liab muaj cov pa oxygen ntawm 10-20 PPM lossis tsawg dua, tab sis qee cov tuam ntxhab tsuas tuaj yeem ua nws qis dua 50 PPM. Hypoxic tus pas nrig tooj liab yog 200-PPM. 400 PPM, cov ntsiab lus oxygen ntawm lub pas nrig zoo yog feem ntau tswj tau txog li 250 PPM, tus pas nrig anaerobic feem ntau txais cov qauv coj, thiab cov pa qes qis yog tas mus li casting thiab dov. Ob yam khoom yog cov pa oxygen sib txuas rau cov hlau tsis ua haujlwm hlau Nws yog yoog tau zoo dua, xws li hloov tau yooj yim, txuas lub kaum sab xis, thiab cov cua ntsawj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pa oxygen qis yog qhov xav tau ntau dua rau cov duab kos, thiab tib yam nce 0.2 filaments. Yog tias qhov teeb meem kev kos duab tsis zoo, cov pas nrig anaerobic pas nrig yuav rub tau. Lub pas nrig hypoxic zoo yuav tawg, tab sis yog tias nws muab tso rau hauv cov hlau txuas zoo ntxiv, tib rab pas, rab pas nrig hypoxic tuaj yeem rub mus rau xoom ob npaug, thaum tus pas nrig anaerobic zoo tuaj yeem ncab mus txog 0.1 feem ntau. Tau kawg, cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws xws li Double Zero Two yuav tsum cia siab rau cov pa luam yeeb tsis muaj tooj liab. Tam sim no, qee lub tuam txhab sim siv cov txheej txheem tawv nqaij los cuam tshuam cov pas nrig hypoxic kom ncab 0.03 kab. Tab sis kuv tsis paub tseeb ntawm no. ntshiab.
Tsawg cov pa tooj liab pas nrig
Cov kab hluav taws xob kaw feem ntau nyiam siv cov pas dej oxygen-free. Qhov no cuam tshuam txog qhov tseeb tias cov pa oxygen tsis muaj tib lub tooj liab siv lead ua thiab cov pa oxygen uas tsis muaj pa yog polycrystalline tooj liab.
Cov paib tooj liab tsawg thiab cov pa oxygen tooj liab muaj lawv tus kheej vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv kev tsim khoom.
1. Hais txog qhov nqus tau thiab tshem tawm oxygen thiab nws muaj nyob
Cov pa ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cathode tooj liab hauv kev tsim cov tooj liab liab feem ntau yog 10-50ppm, thiab cov dej solubility ntawm oxygen hauv tooj liab ntawm chav sov yog li 2ppm. Cov ntsiab lus oxygen ntawm cov pa tooj liab tsawg yog feem ntau 200 (175) -400 (450) ppm, yog li cov pa oxygen hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev ntawm tooj liab, thaum lub sijhawm sib sau cov pa oxygen tsis muaj lub pas nrig yog qhov rov qab. Oxygen yog nyob rau hauv kua tooj liab. Tom qab khaws cia ntev, nws txo thiab tshem tawm. Feem ntau, cov pa oxygen ntawm cov pas nrig no qis dua 10-50ppm, thiab qhov qis qis dua tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1-2ppm. Los ntawm lub koom haum kev xam pom, cov pa oxygen hauv cov pa luam yeeb tsawg hauv lub xeev tooj liab oxide. Muaj nyob ze rau thaj tsam ntawm cov noob nplej, uas tuaj yeem hais tau tias yuav muaj ntau yam rau cov pas nqus tooj liab tsawg tab sis tsis tshua muaj rau cov pa oxygen tooj liab. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tooj liab oxide nyob rau hauv thaj tsam lis hauv kev ua kom sib xyaw ua ke muaj qhov tsis zoo rau qhov nyuaj ntawm cov khoom ntawd. Cov pa oxygen hauv oxygen tsis pub muaj tooj liab yog qhov tsawg heev, yog li cov qauv ntawm tooj liab no yog cov kev teeb tsa ib leeg ib theem qauv uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev coj nruj. Porosity nyob rau hauv cov pa tooj liab uas tsis muaj cov pa tooj liab yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, tab sis nws yog qhov sib xws ntawm cov pa tooj liab uas tsis tshua muaj pa oxygen.
Thib ob, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kub dov lub koom haum thiab cov koom haum casting
Qhov qes-siab tooj liab pas nrig yog kub-dov, yog li nws cov qauv ua haujlwm kub. Tus qauv cam khwb cia qub tau tawg thiab rov ua dua thaum tus 8 hli qws tsim. Lub pas dej muaj pa oxygen tsis muaj txheej txheem yog txheej txheem cam nrog co co nplej. Qhov no yog qhov xam txig vim li cas cov pa oxygen tsis muaj tooj kub muaj qhov rov ua dua thiab yuav tsum muaj qhov kub thiab txias ntau dua. Qhov no vim tias kev rov ua dua tshiab tshwm sim ze rau qhov ciam teb lis. Lub pas nrig muaj pa oxygen muaj cov xaum xaum qhuav, thiab cov nplej loj tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau millimeters, yog li muaj ob peb thaj tsam lis. Txawm hais tias nws raug deformed los ntawm kev kos duab, cov thaj tsam ntawm cov nplej kuj muaj tsawg. Tseem muaj cov pa oxygen tsawg dua, yog li yuav tsum muaj lub zog annealing siab dua. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav kev ua kom tiav ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tsis muaj pa oxygen yog: thawj kev sib txuas ntawm cov xov hlau los ntawm tus nqaj hlau tab sis tseem tsis tau nrum tus qauv, lub zog annealing yuav tsum yog 10-15% siab tshaj ntawm tooj liab tsawg-oxygen nyob hauv tib qho xwm txheej. Tom qab txuas ntxiv kev kos, cov npoo tsim nyog yuav tsum tau sab laug rau lub zog annealing hauv cov theem tom ntej thiab cov txheej txheem annealing sib txawv yuav tsum tau siv rau cov pa tooj tsawg thiab oxygen tsis muaj tooj liab los xyuas kom yooj yim ntawm cov khoom thiab cov xov hlau tiav.
3. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib xyaw, cov ntsiab lus oxygen hloov pauv, saum npoo oxides thiab qhov kub tsis txaus yob tawm
Txoj kev sib txuas ntawm cov pa uas tsis muaj tooj liab ntawm cov pa luam yeeb yog qhov zoo dua li ntawm cov pa oxygen tooj liab uas nyob hauv txhua txoj kab hlau. Ntxiv rau cov koom ua lag luam saum toj no, vim li cas cov pa luam yeeb tooj liab tsis muaj qhov sib txuam, cov pa oxygen ruaj khov, thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag uas yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kub kub, cov tuab ntawm cov nqaj nto oxide tuaj yeem ncav cuag ≤ 15A. Hauv kev nruam cov nrum thiab dov tawm cov txheej txheem, yog tias cov txheej txheem tsis khov thiab cov pa oxygen saib xyuas tsis nruj, cov pa oxygen tsis ruaj khov yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus pas nrig. Yog tias qhov oxide saum npoo ntawm tus pas nrig tuaj yeem raug tsim kho nyob rau hauv kev ntxuav tu txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem tom qab, tab sis qhov teeb meem ntau dua yog tias muaj ntau qhov oxides uas twb muaj lawm" nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij", uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua ncaj qha. ntawm cov xov hlau tawg, yog li cov xov hlau zoo raug kos. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xov hlau tsis zoo, txhawm rau txo qhov tsis sib koom ua ke, qee zaum qhov chaw kawg tau noj ntawm tus pas nrig tooj liab-tev, lossis txawm tias qhov laj thawj ntawm cov theem ob ntawm kev nqaj, yog kom tshem tawm cov subcutaneous oxide.
Thib plaub, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov tooj liab tsawg thiab cov pa oxygen tooj liab
Ob leeg tuaj yeem rub tawm mus rau 0.015mm, tab sis cov pa taws kub tsawg ntawm cov tooj liab nyob hauv cov hluav taws xob kub uas tsis muaj qhov kub thiab txias tsuas muaj 0.001mm nruab nrab ntawm cov filaments.
5. Muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntawm nqaj-ua rau kev lag luam ntawm xov-txiav txim siab.
Kev tsim cov pa tsis muaj pa tooj liab yuav tsum muaj cov khoom zoo. Feem ntau, thaum kos cov xaim tooj liab nrog txoj kab uas hla> 1 hli, qhov zoo ntawm cov qws tooj qis-oxygen yog qhov pom tseeb dua, thiab cov pa tooj liab tsis muaj pa zoo dua yog qhov zoo dua rau kev kos cov tooj liab xaim nrog lub cheeb ntawm< ; 0.5 hli.
6. Lub laj kab hlau-txoj kev tsim ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob tooj liab tsawg sib txawv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj pa oxygen tooj liab.
Cov txheej txheem xaim ntawm txoj siv hluav taws xob tsawg ntawm cov pa tooj liab tsis tuaj yeem theej rau cov txheej txheem xaim ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis pub tooj, tsawg kawg cov txheej txheem annealing ntawm ob yog txawv. Vim tias qhov yooj yim ntawm cov hlau yog kev cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov pas nrig, ua cov hlau thiab cov txheej txheem, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais yooj yim tias cov tooj liab tsawg lossis oxygen tsis muaj tooj liab yog mos thiab nyuaj. (
